Tlie smoke on passing tlirougli the water is free from sulphurous fumes, moderated in strength, cooled, and purified. Glass vessels were first used, with brass fittings. The Natives of tlie Eastern Archipelago, not having glass, used the calabash instead. The author adds that while the Turks, Chinese, and Japanese all smoke with a pipe, like tlie Europeans, the black Natives of tlie islands have a way of their own; they roll the tobacco leaves into a twist, which they light at one end and smoke from at the other.
Persia idem prseparatum, ex reverentia, appellat theriakl, i. Object of the water pipe. In Perside collectio ejus celebratui? Cnlter negotio servit quintuplici acie instructus, qui una sectione quinque infligit vulnera longa. Ex vulnusculis promanans succus postridie scalpro abstergitur, et in vasculum, abdomini prseligatum, colligitur. Turn altera capitum facies eodem modo vulneratur, ad liquorem pariter proliciendum. At, hsec collectio, ob capitum impar incrementum et magnitudinem, aliquoties in eodem arvo instituenda est.
Solent in plantis liimium ramosis superflua capita prius amputari: sic reliqua magis grandescunt, et succo implentur majoris efficacise. Primse collectionis lacryma, gobaar dicta, prse- stantior est, et graviori pollet cerebrum demulcendi virtute, colorem exbibens albidum, vel ex luteo pallentem; sed qui color ex longiori insolatione et ariditate infuscari solet. Altera collectio succnm promit, priori, ut virtute, ita pretio inferiorem, coloris plerumque obscuri, vel ex rufb nigricantis.
Sunt, qui et tertiam instituurrt, qua obtinetur lacryma nigerrima et exiguse virtutis. Ita diu multumque subactum, ad ultimum manu non. Hac serie pertractatiun Opium appellatur theriaak malideh, i.
Prseparandi hie labor perpetuus est propolarum, quos vocant kheifruus, quasi Germanice diceres trunken Kramere, quo illi, in fbris et quadriviis sedentes, brachia sua strenue exercent. Massa lisec ssepe numero, non aqua, sed melle subigitur, ea copia admisso, quae non siccitatem modo, sed et amaritiem temperet: et hsec specialiter appellatur bcehrs. Insignior prseparatio est, qua inter agitandum adduntur mix myristica, cardamomum, cinamomum et macis, in pulverem subtilissimum redacta; qualiter prseparatum Opium corcli et cerebro insigniter prodesse creditur.
Vocatur in specie polonid, vel, ut alii pronunciant, folonid, puta Philonuim Persicicm, seu mesue. Multi prsepara- tionem in usum proprium ipsi perficiunt clomi suse, ne a propolis admiscendorum paucitate vel multitudine decipiantur. Parant luijus liquorem alii ex fbliis, aqua simplici per brevem moram coquendis; alii ex capitibus contusis infusione macerandis, vel iisdem. Multa hoc abusu, vel longiori ejus usu, acciuntur mala; emaciatur enim corpus, laxantur vires, contristatur animus, stupescit ingenium: unde videas instar stipitum somnolentos et quasi elingues sedere in conviviis opii liguritores.
Ssepe oblati milii sunt, quos a canino appetitu Opii percurarem, sostro centum aureorum promisso, si hoc citra damnmii et vitse dispendium prsestitero. Exempla Opii voracium non est, quod adducam, cum eorum pleni sint meclicorum libri. Capita papaveris teneriora ace to conclita nonnulli in mensa secunda appetunt; alii alia ex iisclem sorbilla conficiunt, pro suo quique placito. Addo abusum execrabilem, qui viget inter Indos liigritas, ad eflerandum aniinos acl homicidiorum patrandorum audaciam; dum vel vitse suse, vel injuriarum pertaesi, se devovent morti, per ultionem et mortes aliorum oppetendse.
Eo fine Opii deglutiunt bolum : ex quo intentionis idea exasperatur, turbatur ratio, et infrsenus redditur animus, adeo, ut stricto pugione, ins tar tigridum rabidarum, excurrant in publicum, obvios quosvis, sive amicos, sive inimicos, trucidaturi, donee ipsi, ab alio perfbrati, prosternantill?. Actus hie vocatur hamuk, apud incolas Javse et ulterioris Orientis crebro spectabilis.
Vocabuli sonum ibi liorret, quicunque audit; 11am qui vident liomicidam, illi vocem hamuk summopere exclamant: monituri inermes, ut fugiant, et vitse suse prospiciant: dum ad extinguendam beluam accurrere debet, quisqiiis armatus et cordatus est. Opii etiam externus usus est apud nigritas: nam eodem aqua diluto liicotianam inficiunt, ut accensa caput veliementius turbet.
Vidi in Java tabernas levidenses ex arundine, in quibus id genus tabaci hauriendum exponebatur prsetereuntibus. Nulla per Indiam merx majori lucro divenditur a Batavis, quam afiuun, quo carere adsueti non possunt, nec potiri, nisi navibus Batavorum ex Bengala et Choromandela advecto.
The tdbernce levidenses ex arundine here spoken of were the first Opium- smoking shops of which we have any record. According to the statement here given, Opium diluted with water was smoked with tobacco. This sort of tobacco was exposed to passers-by to be smoked when, two centuries ago, the learned German traveller was taking walks in. Batavia to observe the customs of the Native popula- tion. He uses the word haurio; that this here means smoking, and not drinking, is plain from another passage in Amcenitates exoticcu, page , where he says the black inhabitants smoke without a pipe sine instrumento hauriunt , by rolling tobacco leaves into a whirl, which they light at the lower end and smoke from at the upper by holding it with their lips and drawing.
Of Opium fi-om the Coromandel coast, wliicli then formed a part of the lading of the Batavian ships to take back to Java, we now hear nothing; but the Bengal portion of this lucrative trade finds its lineal successor in tlie Patna Opium of the present day. Two pills are prescribed for severe cases, ancl one when the attack is slight; they are to be taken with cold water.
It adds to the vigour of tlie body ancl saves it from decay, warms tlie kidneys, strengthens tlie loins and knees, removes, cold and wet chill, with all abdominal pains, and is useful for healing all sorts of affections to wliich men and women are subject.
By gradual decoction it is prepared for use and employed as required. It is prepared with oil for use. He gives the follow- ing statements from this work on the subject of Opium-smoking. Bretschneider with Opium, and cutting them up small. This mixture is boiled with water in a copper pan or tripod. The Opium so prepared is mixed with tobacco. A bamboo tube is also provided, the end of which is filled with coir fibres from the coir palm. Many persons collect this Opium to smoke mixed with tobacco.
The price asked is several times greater than for tobacco alone. Those who make it their sole business to prepare Opium in this way are known as Opium tavern keepers. The aborigines smoke as an aid to vice. The limbs grow thin and appear to be wasting away; the internal organs collapse. The smoker unless he be killed will not cease smoking. The local officers have from time to time strictly prohibited the habit. It has often been found that when the time came for administering the bastinado to culprits of this class, they would beg for a brief respite, that they might first take another smoke.
Opium came from Java. Of the various early narratives which describe the habit of smoking Opium with a bamboo pipe, the account we have here seems to be the most minute. It is not stated in what year it was written, but the year in which it was reprinted as an extract was He found, that diluted Opium was mixed with tobacco to offer to passers-by to smoke; he observed this during his residence in Java.
We learn from this that it was tobacco-smoking which led to Opium-smoking. During the reign of Kang Hsi Koxinga occupied Formosa for a time.
It was about that time that the island received the name " Taiwan. In the days of Koxinga many Chinese colonists went over from the mainland to reside there. The seat of the soul is in the heart. Many wanderers without a livelihood from various countries went there from time to time, and it was through this class of persons that the pernicious habit of Opium-smoking originatecl in Formosa. Tlie Opium is boiled in a copper pan.
The pipe used for smoking is in appearance like a short club. Depraved young men without any fixed occupation used to meet together by night to smoke; it grew to be a custom with them. Often various delicacies prepared with honey and sugar, with fresh fruits, to the number of 10 or more dishes, were provided for visitors while smoking.
In order to tempt new smokers to come, no charge was made for the first time. After some time they could not stay away, and would come even if they forfeited all their property. Smokers were able to remain awake the whole night and rejoiced, as an aid to sensual indulgence.
Afterwards they found themselves beyond the possibility of cure. If for one day they omitted smoking, their faces suddenly became shrivelled, their lips opened, their teeth were seen, they lost all vivacity, and seemed ready to die. Another smoke, however, restored them. After three years all such persons die. It is said that the barbarian inhabitants of Formosa thus use craft and cunning in order to cheat the Chinese residents out of tlieir money at the expense of their lives.
The foolish are not sensible of their danger, and fall victims. This habit has entered China about 10 or more years. There are many smokers in Amoy, but Formosa is the place where this vice has been most injurious.
It is truly sad to reflect on this. In tlie year A. The physical effects of Opium-smoking as displayed in the shrivelling up of the features and an early death, as thus described by eye-witnesses, produced a deep impression in Peking. The sellers of Opium were to be punished, not tlie buyers. The masters of Opium shops are dealt with most severely, as being the seducers into evil paths of the young members of respectable families. Sellers of Opium were to bear the wooden, collar for a month, and be banished to the frontier.
The keepers of shops were to be punished in tlie same way as propagators of depraved doctrines; that is, they were to be strangled after a few months' imprisonment. Their assistants were to be beaten with blows, and banished 1, miles.
Everyone was to be punished except the smoker; for example, boatmen, local bailiffs, neighbours lending help, soldiers, police runners, in any way connected with the matt er, all had punisliments assigned them.
The same was true of magistrates and Custom House Superintendents in the sea-port towns where these things had happened; all were to bear some penalty. Only the Opium-smoker was exempted. It was felt, perhaps, that his punisliment was self-inflicted; lie would, die without the help of the law.
This edict was followed by another the next year for the checking of evil practices among the colonists of Formosa. All guilty of robbery, false evidence, enticing the aborigines to commit murder, tlie sale of gambling instruments or of Opium for smoking, are to be punished with death or banishment. From their point of view it is considered as criminal in proportion to the mischief it causes, which is without doubt great beyond computation.
The very earliest instance of legislation on. It was based on local events occurring on the sea-coast, a long way from Peking. The gradual spread from the province of Fuhkien to all the provinces was still in the future and was not before the minds of the legislators. The sale of Opium was connected in tlieir minds with gambling, robbery, and false accusation; its special guilt consisted in its being a temptation to evil on the part of the salesmen, as the drug was destructive of the physical health, comfort, and life of their victims.
The effects proved the criminality. It sprang up in a lawless locality at a great distance from Peking; there was therefore no inclination to leniency from the fear of offending persons or classes whom the Government would not like to offend. The law was in consequence promptly made, decided in tone, and severe in detail.
Was this law acted upon? No allusion was made to it by the Jesuit missionaries in the Lettres edifiantes or in the Memoires concernant les Chinois. The habit of Opium-smoking is not mentioned in these works. The trade in Opium certainly remained as before. The duty was Tts. The sale of Opium was prohibited by statute, but we do not find proof that it was refused as a drug at the Custom Houses of Amoy and Cant on. The import steadily increased during the time it was in the hands of the Portuguese, till English merchants took it up in , after the conquest of Bengal by Clive.
The East India Company took the Opium trade into its own hands in The Superintendents of Customs in those days would continue to take the duty on Opium as a drug.
This seems to have been the reason that the import still continued to increase at about the same ratio as before the edict of A. Medicine claimed Opium as a most powerful agent, and since the commencement of the trade at Canton and Amoy, whether the merchants were Portuguese, Chinese, Arabs, or Dutch, it was as medicine that it had been sold.
Who cultivated the Poppy in Yunnan? The Native growth in Yunnan of the Opium Poppy can be traced to about the same time, or a little later.
In the history of that province, published in , it is stated that Opium was then a common product of the department of Yung- chcang-fu, in the western part of that province, where it borders on Burma. It may have been introduced by the Mahommedans, who were fond of it themselves, as a powerful medicine, or it may have been brought there from Burma and Thibet.
It is spoken of in the accounts we have of the trade of the sixteenth century as having been iiitroduced along with woven fabrics by traders coming from the coast of India. Negapatam and Meliapur are mentioned as exporting both Opium and woven fabrics to Pegu and Siam. The seeds of the Poppy may therefore have been taken by the Burmese route to Yiinnan.
This Native Opium would be intended, not for Opium- smoking, but to be used medically, as by a physician's prescription, or by the contractioii of a habit of daily consumption in a way like that of De Quincey and Coleridge. The Maliommedans have long been a power in the province of Yunnan, and their agency is to be suspected in this early cultivation of the Poppy in that part of China.
It was they that first learned from the Greeks the wonderful soothing powers of this drug. They cultivated the Poppy in Arabia, then in Persia, then in India.
It was from them, in the Ming dynasty, that the Chinese learned the way to cultivate the Poppy and. It was they that carried on the trade in Opium, before the arrival of the Portuguese, bet ween the various sea-p orts of the old Asiatic world. It was probably by Mahommedaii pilots that the ambassador of the Ming Emperor was conducted to the sea-ports of Arabia, Persia, and India in the voyage we find on record.
It was because the Mahommedans wished to keep the profits of the trade in Opium and other articles exclusively to themselves that they prejudiced the Chinese Governors of Canton and Fuhkien against the Portuguese, and induced them to refuse the liberty to trade. We need not be surprised, there- fore, if later on the cultivators of the Poppy in Yunnan, in the commencement of last century, were Mahommedans; they may have been simply the continuators of the Ming dynasty cultivation, or they may have commenced afresh with seeds brought from Burma.
Mention is also made of a Poppy ointment for scalds and burns. A ditty of four lines in rhyme says that this ointment for burns and scalds is made with sesamum oil and Poppy flowers or capsules mixed with water and boiled down; white wax and true calomel are added.
When, smeared on the part affected the pain at once subsides. There is also a remedy for ulcers and tumours in which the capsules are used. A ditty of four lines, used as a recipe, says that olibanum and huang-chci may be used for persons of a weak constitution who are afflicted with painful tumours and ulcers; such tumours if they have not grown to their fiill size will be at once dispersed, and if they are already mature they will break.
Belongs to Levisticum. The three tariff books. I11 addition to these recipes, there are several others in the same work which also contain the Poppy capsules. They are omitted for brevity. At present in Peking the capsules sold in drug shops are derived from the Papaver somniferum, cultivated at the town of Aa-sii near Pao-ting-fu , from Shansi, from Caiiton by sea, and from other places. They are bought and sold at the annual drug fair at Cli'i-chou, a city lying to the south-west of Pao-ting-fa.
An account of the Hoppo Book of has been lately prepared by Dr. The Hoppo Book is an explanation of the Custom House books in use at Canton in ; it was translated in that year, and contains varied informa- tion on the manner of settling the duties on all goods imported and exported at Canton.
The author was an English merchant, whose name is not known. The division of the tariff is much the same as that of the present Chinese one, but imports and exports are not distinguished.
An import duty, according to a fixed tariff, payable on all merchandise imported. An export duty, payable on all exports, inclusive of re-exported goods proceeding to Ningpo and other ports on the Chinese coast; it consisted of a tariff charge of 6 per cent, ad valorem. Extra charges on exports and imports, such as for remitting the duty to Peking, for weighers, linguists, etc.
Cheng-hsiang-tse-li, or the book of true ancl fixed duties. Pi-li, or the book of comparisons. Ku-chia, or the book of valuation. The first of these books was made A. The book of comparisons was first sent, with about articles collected together in it, to the Board of Kevenue in Peking, for approval, in the year After this time every two or three years additional articles were added and sent to Peking for approval; so that this book was continually increasing.
The third book is a register of the value of all goods exportec! Here we are astonished to find that in a picul of silk could be valued at Prices ruling in.
The existence of Opium as an article of trade at Canton in the middle of last century is certainly beyond doubt; it is also mentioned in the Kang Hsi tariff of , ancl there pays a duty of 3 candareens per catty, constituting exactly G per cent, of the fixed value appearing in the valuation book.
In passing on to tlie year an extract may be here inserted from a letter, Opium-smuggling in Thomas Fitzhugh to Mr. Gregory in London. It might be concluded that with a law so rigid no Foreigners would venture to import, nor any Chinese - dare to purchase this article; yet Opium for a long course of time has been annually carried to China, and often in large quantities, both by our country s vessels and those of the Portuguese.
It is sometimes landed at Macao and sometimes at Whampoa, though equally liable to the above penalties in either port, as the Portuguese are, so to say, entirely under the Cliinese rule. That this contraband trade lias hither to been carried on without incurring the penalties of the law is owing to the excess of corruption in tlie executive part of the Cliinese Government.
In the year a new Viceroy was appointed to the government of Canton ; this man had the reputation of an upright, bold, and rigid Minister. I was informed that lie had information of these illicit practices, and was resolved to take cognizance of them. England sent an Embassy in , and China was miiiutely described by Barrow and Staunton. The habit of Opium-smoking had tlien been slowly growing for 60 years. Singularly, they only say when speaking of it that many of the higher mandarins took Opium; they do not describe the mode of smoking.
Staunton says, " They smoke tobacco mixed with other odorous subs tances, and some times a little Opium. In the geographical work called Hai-kuo-t u-chih we are told that Opium-smoking commenced only in the last years of the Emperor Chien Lung, that is, about The explanation of this statement is found in tlie fact that it was only then that the habit reached Peking and became so general that public attentioii was called to it in Government documents.
In there was an edict issued prohibiting Opium from being brought to China in any ship. It was from this time that the more distinctly smuggling period commenced. It was a contraband trade, but connived at by Viceroys and Governors; they felt a difficulty, ancl concluded not to touch the evil with any firm intention to heal. How to treat it they knew not. The evil grew beyond their power of control. They regarded it as the " vile clirt of Foreign countriesthey feared it would spread among all the people of the inner land, wasting their time and destroying their property; they advocated the prohibition of the tracle, and the Government consented to their advice, and frequently issued prohibitory eclicts, but.
In the geographical work Hcd-kuo-Vu-chih the following remarks also occur. In the year G a prohibitory edict was received, but the official autliorities at Canton still allowed Opium-receiving ships to anchor at Whampoa at a distance of only 4 English miles from the city. From this time smuggling proceeded year by year unchecked till , when a local arrangement was decided on, according to the terms of which a charge was made of a regular amount on each chest; of this the officers, from the Viceroy downwards, whether civil or military, at the port connected with shipping all received a share.
Most of this went to the office of the Superintendent. Some received it on board the ships, and others in the city of Canton. These sums were paid regularly month by month to the Chinese officers. In some cases Opium itself was given, instead of silver, in large and small portions. Oil each occasion of this kind one or more chests would be given, and sometimes as many as chests. This irregular and illicit mode of proceeding lasted till the year In i Soo. In the Pen-tscao of the period to the Poppy is placed in the lower division of cereal plants.
In the Sung dynasty a decoction of Poppy seeds was thought highly of, but at that time the medical efficacy of the capsules and seeds was understood to extend only, as being astringent, to the cure of diarrhoea and dysentery. In the Ming dynasty, to , the pill called I-li-chin-tan, or golden, elixir, came into use, and was found to be very deleterious if much was taken.
Its effects are as bad as those of the poisonous plant known by the name Tuan-chlang-tscao, as producing internal rupture in the intestines.
Yet as the guilt is not in the flower, it finds its place in botanical works on Howers. Donald Spence, British Consul at Ch'img-ch'ing-fii, in Szechwan, in the year , made inquiries into the amount of Opium produced at that time in tlie four south-western provinces. He states that in Szechwan the consumption of Native Opium within the province amounts to 54, piculs, while , piculs are sent to other provinces ; of tliese, 70, piculs are exported in an easterly direction, 40, piculs paying duty, and 30, piculs being smuggled.
Ytinnan produces annually 35, piculs, and Kweichow 10, piculs, while Hupeh supplies to the market not more than 2, piculs. In all, the production of Native Opium amounts to , piculs. Spence's Report on the Native production of Opium was forwarded to the Foreign. Office of the British Govermnent, and was subsequently presented to Parliament and printed. If a comparison be made of the amount of Opium produced in the four above-mentioned provinces, viz.
In Mr. Tinling's Poppy Plague there are 75 pages of closely printed in- :formation oil tlie history of British Opium, chiefly collected from the Parliamentary Papers of , , , and , and from the East India Company's Beports of and Concluding not x. Aden, Arabs, tlieir knowledge of the Poppy, 4, 5. At Canton, 5. Uncle of Mahomet buried at Can ton, 5. Two Arabian travellers, 6. The Arabs as traders in fifteenth century, They grew Opium in India in sixteenth century, The Arab national name for Opium, 4.
Arabian method of obtaining Opium, Arsenic mixed with tobacco, Asafoeticla, Atractylodcs ctlba pai-shuII, B ehrs, Baghdad, 5. Barbosa, account of trade in Opium, Batavia, 24, 31, Bezoar, Bontius, a Dutch physician in Java, , His opinion of Opium, Burma, Opium cultivation in, 38, Calicut, I4.
Cambay, Canton, Superintendent appointed at, to overlook Foreign trade, 5. Official corruption on a large scale, to , Upright ancl bold Viceroy in , New prohibitory edict in not obeyed by the Canton authorities, Another prohibitory edict in , Capsule of Poppy, called mi-nang, 5.
Use in fourteenth century, Use in , Pricked for its juice iu , Process in preparing, 10, Cocliin, Cochin China, tracle with, 5. Coconar koknar y Persian name for Poppy, 4, Comfrey SymphytuTn , Compass, floating, in , Cornelius Nepos, story of Poppy, 3.
Coromandel coast, export of Opium from, 14, Counterblast to Tobacco of King James I, Crocus Indica, mixed with Opium, Curcuma, Customs books at Canton: the tariff, the book of comparisons, the book of values, East India Company, 37, Fitzhugh, Mr. Thomas, Folonia polonia , Foreign trade prohibited, Permitted, Formosa, origin of Opium-smoking in, described by Huang Yu-pu, Injurious effects of Opium-smoking in, 35, Gobaar, Golden elixir pill, 18, 22, Greek name for Opium, 4.
Gregory, Mr. Duty on Opium as a medical drug in , Hami, Hamulc, Opium suicide, Hangchow, Superintendent appointed at, to overlook Foreign trade, 5.
Happy inebriation, Hippocrates knew the Poppy, 3, 4. Hirth, Dr. Hookah or water pipe, Hsieii Kco, writer of a poem on the Poppy, Hsu Ching, ambassador to Corea, HiLai-sheng-ssU, 5. Huan i-lien Justicia , 16, Huang Yu-pu, author of a work on Formosa, Hupeh province, production of Native Opium in , Used as an aphrodisiac, Used to cure many ailments, I-lin-chi-yao, a work by Wang Hsi, i 5.
Iliad, reference to Poppy, 3. His work, Avixiiitates exoticce, His account of tobacco, Summary of his account, His visit to Java in , Mention of Opium-smoking shops and of use of Opium, Khaliaan lchaliiLicn , Khash-lchashy Arabian name for Poppy, 4. Kheifruus, K'ou Tsung-shiji, medical writer on the Poppy, io.
Kung Yun-lin Kung Hsin , prescription by, Recommended the use of the l racts of the Poppy- flower, Kweichow province, production of Native Opium in. Li Kao, Described about the preparation of Opium, 16, Lin Tse-hsu, Lindley, the botanist, 9. Liquorice, n, Liu Han, 7. Local arrangement of charges in , Ma Chih, 7. Mahommeclans traded to China in Mahometjs time, 5. In Chinese Turkestan, In Yunnan, 38, Malwa, manufacture of Opium in, Manila, the tobacco plant in, Mariners compass used in twelfth century, Materia Medica of eleventh century, 8.
Medical use of capsules probably derived from the West, but this is not proved, Of Opium in sixteenth century, Of Opium in , Of Poppy seeds, 9. Of Poppy seeds to counteract the effects of the exorbitant use of mercury, io. Medical writers in China first mention the Poppy in eighth century, 5.
Ming dynasty mode of preparing Opium, Prohibition of tobacco-smoking, Mithridate, Nien Hsi-yao, a medical writer in eighteenth century, mixed 13 drugs with Opium, Ningpo, Superintendent appointed at, to overlook Foreign trade, 5. Opium, a Greek word; its Latin form and Arab and Persian names, 4.
Manufactured in Persia from the white Poppy, 9. In Java in , In India in sixteenth century, How made in Persia, Taverns at Batavia, Sale of, punished by death in and , 36, Importation 'prohibited in , Value of, in , Statistics of Native production in iSSt, Opium-smoking arose from tobacco-smoking, In Formosa and Amoy, 25, First Opium-smoking shops, Opium-smuggling in , Orange peel taken with the capsule, Pachyrizus ungulatus, Pceonia cdbiflora shao-yaoJ, Paeony, 21, Pan-yu-hsien-chih, 5.
Panicum oniliaceim, 8. Papaver somniferurrb, white and red varieties, 9. Pm-tscao-yen-i, Persia produced the white Poppy in the sixteenth century, 9. How Opium is made there, Persian Gulf visited by the Chinese, Persian national name for Opium, 4, Philonium Persimm, 24, Plaster called Yii-clien-kao made of Opium ancl 16 drugs, Polonia folonia , Poppy as a flower, 3, In Italy and Greece, 3.
Poppy Plague, by Mr. Portuguese become chief merchants in the East, Introduced tobacco-smoking into Persia, 27, Described in the work Wu-li-hsiao-shih, Prices ruling in , The Japanese raids caused the prohibitions, EfFect of prohibition seen in local lawlessness, Prunes taken with the capsule, Punishment of death for sale of Opium in and , 36, Pust, Putchuck, Quilon, Seeds of Poppy used in medicine, Shan-chia-clbcin jJcun j, a medical work, io.
Shao-yao Pceonia albifloraJ, 22, Shun-hsiang-chui-pi, Soochow, tobacco-smoking in, Sophora tovientosa, Spence, Mr. Donald, British Consul, statistics of Native production of Opium in , Su Tung-po mentions it, 7.
This page contains downloads for all my released projects. I will list this page with the most recent versions of each one, along with download links and Github links if applicable. HTool is a simple analysis tool originally based on otool , which is shipped with Xcode Developer Tools, and inspired by jtool created by Jonathan Levin. It does not have any dependencies so therefore can be easily used anywhere.
There is detailed documentation on how to use Libhelper, along with annotated examples. Img4Helper and Libhelper are open-source, so please check it out of Github where I have a more in-depth discussion of the tool. Special thanks to Tihmstar and xerub.
0コメント